See tōward in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*tō",
"3": "*-ward"
},
"expansion": "*tō + *-ward",
"name": "suf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *tō + *-ward.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "*tōward",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/tōward",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"toward"
],
"id": "en-tōward-gmw-pro-prep-zFil-Jhs",
"links": [
[
"toward",
"toward"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"toward [+dative or genitive]"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "tōward"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*tō",
"3": "*-ward"
},
"expansion": "*tō + *-ward",
"name": "suf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *tō + *-ward.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "*tōward",
"name": "head"
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],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/tōward",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "100 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0 0 0",
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"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "77 7 7 8",
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"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "82 4 4 9",
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"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "85 5 5 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ward",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"coming, approaching"
],
"id": "en-tōward-gmw-pro-adj-Ps8ZdUcQ",
"links": [
[
"coming",
"coming"
],
[
"approaching",
"approaching"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"future"
],
"id": "en-tōward-gmw-pro-adj-67Peij2a",
"links": [
[
"future",
"future"
]
],
"tags": [
"future",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "tōward"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "toward"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "towart"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "toward"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "tōweard"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "tôwart"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "tōward"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "toewaert"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*tōward"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "toewaert"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*tuoward"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "zuowart"
},
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "zūwart"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "zuowart"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "*tō",
"3": "*-ward"
},
"expansion": "*tō + *-ward",
"name": "suf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *tō + *-ward.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "*tōward",
"name": "head"
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],
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"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/tōward",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "tōwardas"
}
],
"glosses": [
"close, near"
],
"id": "en-tōward-gmw-pro-adv-NDIGMV-x",
"links": [
[
"close",
"close"
],
[
"near",
"near"
]
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"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "tōward"
}
{
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"Pages with entries",
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"Proto-West Germanic adverbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic prepositions",
"Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ward"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*tō",
"3": "*-ward"
},
"expansion": "*tō + *-ward",
"name": "suf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *tō + *-ward.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "*tōward",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/tōward",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"toward"
],
"links": [
[
"toward",
"toward"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"toward [+dative or genitive]"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "tōward"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic adjectives",
"Proto-West Germanic adverbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic prepositions",
"Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ward"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*tō",
"3": "*-ward"
},
"expansion": "*tō + *-ward",
"name": "suf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *tō + *-ward.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "*tōward",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/tōward",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"coming, approaching"
],
"links": [
[
"coming",
"coming"
],
[
"approaching",
"approaching"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"future"
],
"links": [
[
"future",
"future"
]
],
"tags": [
"future",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "tōward"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic adjectives",
"Proto-West Germanic adverbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic prepositions",
"Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ward"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "tōwardas"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "toward"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "towart"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "toward"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "tōweard"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "tôwart"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "tōward"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "toewaert"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*tōward"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "toewaert"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*tuoward"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "zuowart"
},
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "zūwart"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "zuowart"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*tō",
"3": "*-ward"
},
"expansion": "*tō + *-ward",
"name": "suf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *tō + *-ward.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "*tōward",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/tōward",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"close, near"
],
"links": [
[
"close",
"close"
],
[
"near",
"near"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "tōward"
}
Download raw JSONL data for tōward meaning in Proto-West Germanic (3.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-09-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (20da82b and a97feda). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.